Luluk Hermawati  

Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Banten, Indonesia

Maytia Pratiwisitha 

Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Banten, Indonesia

Nur Bebi Ulfah Irawati 

Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Banten, Indonesia

Lola Febriana Dewi 

Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sriwijaya University, Palembang, Indonesia

Hilizza Awalina Zulfa 

Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Serang, Banten, Indonesia

Nur Ayu Virginia Irawati 

Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Lampung University, Lampung, Indonesia

DOI: https://doi.org/10.19184/stoma.v23i1.60006

ABSTRACT 

Tooth impaction is a common developmental anomaly characterized by the failure of a tooth to erupt into the oral cavity within its normal physiological timeframe. While insufficient arch space has traditionally been considered the primary cause, emerging evidence suggests that genetic and biological factors also contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of tooth impaction. This review aims to analyze the genetic and biological mechanisms involved in the development of tooth impaction. A narrative literature review was conducted using electronic databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. The search identified 90 records using keywords related to tooth impaction, genetic factors, and biological mechanisms of tooth eruption. After removing duplicates and screening titles and abstracts, 51 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. Finally, 32 studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in the narrative synthesis. The analysis indicates that tooth impaction results from the interaction of genetic, molecular, and biological factors regulating tooth eruption. Genetic variations in regulatory genes such as MSX1, PAX9, AXIN2, and IRF6 influence odontogenesis and eruption dynamics. Disruptions in molecular signaling pathways, including Wnt/β-catenin signaling and the RANK/RANKL/OPG axis, may impair osteoclast activity, alveolar bone remodeling, and dental follicle function, ultimately interfering with eruption pathway formation. Tooth impaction is a multifactorial condition influenced by genetic variations and biological disturbances in eruption mechanisms. Alterations in key regulatory genes and molecular signaling pathways may disrupt bone remodeling and eruption pathway formation, thereby increasing the risk of tooth impaction. 

Keywords: AXIN2, Biological Mechanisms, Genetic Factors, MSX1, PAX9, Tooth Impaction.